Russia

The FAS is one of the largest competition authorities globally, with a central office and 84 regional offices. It has broad investigative, decision-making, and sanctioning powers across competition and procurement.

Article 11 prohibits cartels including price-fixing, market allocation, output restriction, bid-rigging, and boycotts. Criminal sanctions for individuals involved in cartel activity.

Vertical agreements that restrict competition are prohibited under Article 11. Includes resale price maintenance and territorial restrictions. Safe harbour for parties with less than 20% market share.

Article 10 prohibits abuse of dominant position. Dominance is presumed at 50% market share (35% in some cases). Covers excessive pricing, discrimination, and refusal to deal. Extensive case law.

Mandatory pre-merger notification for transactions exceeding asset or turnover thresholds. The FAS reviews within defined timelines and may approve, conditionally approve, or prohibit.

Full immunity available for the first cartel participant to self-report. Subsequent applicants may receive reduced fines. The programme has generated significant cartel detections.

The FAS actively uses warnings and compliance agreements. Behavioural and structural remedies may be imposed. Extensive use of administrative compliance mechanisms.

Administrative fines of up to 15% of relevant market turnover. Criminal sanctions for cartel participation including imprisonment of up to 7 years. Individual fines for managers.

No standalone digital markets law, but the FAS has been active in enforcing against technology platforms, including cases against Google, Apple, and domestic platforms. Fifth antimonopoly package includes digital provisions.

The FAS itself regulates natural monopolies (electricity, gas, rail) alongside competition enforcement. The Central Bank of Russia and other sector bodies exercise concurrent regulatory functions.

The FAS has extensive investigation powers including unannounced inspections, document seizure, electronic evidence collection, and compulsory interview powers.

Private damages claims are possible through arbitrazh (commercial) courts following a FAS decision. Private enforcement has grown but remains secondary to public enforcement.

Active member of the ICN, OECD observer, and BRICS competition cooperation. Bilateral cooperation with the EU, CIS countries, and EAEU member states. Leads the EAEU competition framework.

Active enforcement against digital platforms, pharmaceutical cartels, and fuel market conduct. Fifth antimonopoly package addresses digital economy. Extensive regulation of government-imposed market restrictions.