Trademark opposition and its procedure-An Overview

Trademark Opposition is defined as the formal objection raised by a third party against the registration of a trademark application. The main objective of opposing a trademark registration is to safeguard the rights of an existing registered trademark holder, preventing them from facing infringement issues due to a newly registered trademark that might be similar or deceptively similar.

Section 21 of the Trademarks Act, 1999 enables any person to file a trademark opposition within the prescribed time limit. It’s crucial to adhere to this timeline because if the opposition is not lodged within the specified period, it becomes invalid and cannot be raised later. Consequently, the Registrar will proceed with the registration of the trademark if no opposition is filed within the stipulated time.

Grounds for Opposition

• The trademark is identical to a trademark that has already been officially registered.
• The mark is not of distinctive character.
• The application is submitted with ill intentions or lacks moral integrity.
• The mark is used to confuse or deceive the common people.
• The trademark is descriptive in nature.
• The trademark includes elements that will potentially offend the religious sentiments of individuals.
• The trademark’s usage is aimed at circumventing the law or is in direct contradiction to existing laws.

Procedure of Trademark Opposition

Stage 1- Notice of Opposition (Rule 42)

During the period of 4 months after the publication of a trademark in the Trademarks Journal, any individual can oppose the trademark application in India by submitting a Notice of Opposition using Form TM-O, along with the prescribed fee of INR 2700 per class.[1]

The Notice of Opposition must include crucial information about the opposing party, the reasons for opposing the trademark, and specific details of the application against which the opposition is being raised. Once the notice is received, the Registrar will proceed to issue a notice to the trademark applicant.

After the review, the Registrar serves a copy of the notice of opposition to the applicant of the trademark application within three months from the date of receipt. Then, the opposition proceeds to the stage where the applicant files the Counter-Statement.

Stage 2 – Counter-Statement (Rule 42)

Upon receipt of a Notice of Opposition, the applicant has a statutory deadline of two months to file a counter-statement. The counter-statement should be submitted using Form TM-O and must be accompanied by the prescribed fee. It is important to note that there is no provision for an extension to file a counter-statement. Therefore, if the applicant fails to submit the counter-statement within the two-month period from the receipt of the Notice of Opposition, their application will be considered abandoned.

As per current practices, the official fee for filing a counter-statement is payable irrespective of the number of classes that have been opposed in a single Notice of Opposition. This means that even if the opponent files an opposition against multiple classes of the same application under one Notice of Opposition (resulting in a single opposition number), the opponent would still be required to pay an official fee for each class opposed. On the other hand, the applicant would only need to incur the official fee for their application, regardless of the number of classes opposed.

The counter-statement includes the following details: –

• Admission or Refutation of Facts- The counter-statement should address any facts alleged in the Notice of Opposition and clearly state whether the applicant admits or refutes those facts.
• Grounds Response- The applicant must provide each response to grounds raised in the Notice of Opposition. For each ground, the applicant should provide their counter-arguments.
• Verification- The counter-statement needs to be verified by the applicant or their duly authorized agent. The person making the verification should specify which statements they verify based on their own knowledge and which they verify upon information received and believed to be true.
• Signature and Date- The verification must be signed by the person making it, and the Counter-Statement should also state the date and place where the verification was signed.

Once the applicant submits the counter-statement, the registrar will conduct a review. If all conditions are fulfilled, a copy of the counter-statement will be served to the opponent within two months from the date of receipt.

Stage 3 – Evidence in support of the opposition (Rule 45)

After receiving the counter-statement from the applicant, the opponent has a period of 2 months to submit evidence in support of their opposition. This evidence is typically provided in the form of an affidavit. If the opponent chooses not to present any additional evidence and instead intends to rely solely on the facts already stated in the notice of opposition, they must inform both the registrar and the applicant in writing. Failure to do so will result in the notice of opposition being deemed abandoned.

Stage 4 – Evidence in support of the application (Rule 46)

Similarly, the trademark applicant is also required to furnish evidence in support of their application to the Registrar within 2 months of the receipt of the opponent’s evidence or intimation. If the applicant decides not to present any further evidence and wishes to rely on the facts already stated in their counter-statement, they must inform both the Registrar and the opponent in writing. Failure to provide this notification will lead to the application being considered abandoned.

Stage 5 – Evidence in Reply by Opponent

After the submission of evidence from both parties, the opponent will be given an additional opportunity to provide any further evidence within one month of the receipt of evidence from the applicant. If any documents are in a language other than Hindi or English, they must be translated into Hindi or English and submitted to the Registrar. A copy of the translated document should also be provided to the opposing party.

Stage 6 – Hearing of Opposition

After submitting all the evidence by both parties, the Registrar will issue a notice to inform them of the first date of the hearing. The hearing date will be scheduled at least one month after the date of the first notice. During the hearing, both parties will be given an equal opportunity to present their arguments and respond to the opposing party’s arguments.

If any party needs to request an adjournment of the hearing with a valid reason, they can submit the form TM-M along with the prescribed fee at least 3 days before the scheduled date of the hearing. Each party can request a maximum of two adjournments, and the duration of each adjournment must not exceed 30 days.

Adjournment of Hearing

Any party who is involved in the hearing can request a postponement by filling in Form TM-M and paying a fee of Rs. 900. If the reason provided for the adjournment is deemed acceptable by the Registrar, the hearing will be rescheduled to the next available date.

Stage 7- Order by the Registrar of Trademark on Notice of Opposition

Upon examining all the written arguments, if provided by any party, and after conducting a hearing with both parties, the Registrar will convey their decision in writing to all involved parties. In case any of the parties is absent on the adjourned hearing date at the specified time, and then their application or opposition will get abandoned. In such a case, the Registrar will proceed with the matter accordingly.

Conclusion

The opposition process serves as a critical mechanism to ascertain the eligibility of a trademark for registration. By considering all relevant factors, it ensures that only valid trademarks, free from potential conflicts with existing rights, are ultimately granted registration. This process safeguards the interests of both the applicant and the opposing parties, maintaining the integrity and fairness of the trademark registration system.

FAQs

[1] https://ipindia.gov.in/form-and-fees-tm.htm

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is trademark opposition under the Trademarks Act, 1999?

Trademark opposition is a formal objection raised by a third party against the registration of a trademark application. Section 21 of the Trademarks Act, 1999 enables any person to file an opposition within the prescribed time. The objective is to safeguard the rights of existing registered trademark holders and prevent infringement caused by similar or deceptively similar marks being granted registration.

Who can file a trademark opposition in India?

Under Section 21 of the Trademarks Act, 1999, any person may file a notice of opposition against the registration of a published trademark. The opponent need not be a prior registered proprietor; any individual or entity, including consumers, traders, or competitors, can lodge the objection on grounds such as similarity, lack of distinctiveness, descriptiveness, bad faith, or violation of public morality.

What is the time limit to file a notice of opposition to a trademark?

A notice of opposition must be filed within four months from the date of publication of the trademark in the Trademarks Journal. If the opposition is not lodged within this statutory period, it becomes invalid and cannot be raised later. The Registrar will then proceed with registration of the trademark in the absence of any opposition.

What is the procedure for filing a notice of opposition under Rule 42?

The opposition is filed using Form TM-O along with a prescribed fee of INR 2700 per class. The notice must contain details of the opposing party, grounds for opposition, and particulars of the application opposed. The Registrar then serves a copy of the notice on the trademark applicant within three months from receipt, after which the counter-statement stage commences.

What happens if the applicant fails to file a counter-statement within two months?

Upon receipt of the notice of opposition, the applicant has a statutory deadline of two months to file a counter-statement using Form TM-O with the prescribed fee. No extension is permitted. If the counter-statement is not filed within the two-month period, the trademark application shall be deemed abandoned under the Trademarks Act, 1999.

What are the grounds for filing a trademark opposition?

Grounds include that the mark is identical to an already registered trademark, lacks distinctive character, is descriptive in nature, or has been filed in bad faith. Additional grounds cover marks likely to deceive or confuse the public, marks that offend religious sentiments, and marks whose usage contravenes or attempts to circumvent existing laws.

Last Updated on 30 May, 2026